Elizabeth Palmer Peabody Transcendentalist Publisher

Known for: role in Transcendentalism; bookshop owner, publisher; promoter of kindergarten movement; activist for womens and Native American rights; older sister of Sophia Peabody Hawthorne and Mary Peabody MannOccupation: writer, educator, publisherDates: May 16, 1804 - January 3, 1894 Elizabeth Palmer Peabody Biography Elizabeths maternal grandfather, Joseph Pearse Palmer, was a participant in the Boston Tea Party of 1773 and the Battle of Lexington in 1775, and fought with the Continental Army as an aide to his own father, a General, and as a Quartermaster General. Elizabeths father, Nathaniel Peabody, was a teacher who entered the medical profession about the time Elizabeth Palmer Peabody was born. Nathaniel Peabody became a pioneer in dentistry, but he was never financially secure. Elizabeth Palmer Peabody was raised by her mother, Eliza Palmer Peabody, a teacher, and was taught in her mothers Salem school through 1818 and by private tutors. Early Teaching Career When Elizabeth Palmer Peabody was in her teens, she helped in her mothers school. She then started her own school in Lancaster where the family moved in 1820. There, she also took lessons from the local Unitarian minister, Nathaniel Thayer, to further her own learning. Thayer connected her to the Rev. John Thornton Kirkland who was the president of Harvard. Kirkland helped her find pupils to set up a new school in Boston. In Boston, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody studied Greek with a young Ralph Waldo Emerson as her tutor. He refused payment for his services as a tutor, and they became friends. Peabody also attended lectures at Harvard, though as a woman, she could not formally enroll there. In 1823, Elizabeths younger sister Mary took over Elizabeths school, and Elizabeth went to Maine to serve as teacher and governess to two affluent families. There, she studied with the French tutor and improved her skill in that language. Mary joined her in 1824. They both returned to Massachusetts and in 1825 opened a school in Brookline, a popular summer community. One of the students in the Brookline school was Mary Channing, daughter of Unitarian minister William Ellery Channing. Elizabeth Palmer Peabody had heard his sermons when she was a child, and had corresponded with him while shed been in Maine. For almost nine years, Elizabeth served as a volunteer secretary to Channing, copying his sermons and getting them ready to be printed. Channing often consulted her while he was writing his sermons. They had many long conversations and she studied theology, literature and philosophy under his guidance. Move to Boston In 1826 the sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, moved to Boston to teach there. That year, Elizabeth wrote a series of essays on Biblical criticism; these were finally published in 1834. In her teaching, Elizabeth began to focus on teaching history to children - and then began to teach the subject to adult women. In 1827, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody started an historical school for women, believing that study would lift women out of their traditionally narrow confined role. This project began with lectures, and evolved more into reading parties and conversations, anticipating Margaret Fullers later and more famous conversations. In 1830, Elizabeth met Bronson Alcott, a teacher in Pennsylvania, when he was in Boston for his wedding. He was later to play an important role in Elizabeths career. In 1832, the Peabody sisters closed their school, and Elizabeth began private tutoring. She published a few textbooks based on her own methods. The next year, Horace Mann, who had been widowed in 1832, moved into the same boardinghouse where the Peabody sisters were living. He seemed at first to be drawn to Elizabeth, but eventually began to court Mary. Later that year, Mary and their still-younger sister Sophia went to Cuba, and stayed into 1835. The trip was designed to help Sophia regain her health. Mary worked in Cuba as a governess to pay their expenses. Alcotts School While Mary and Sophia were away, Bronson Alcott, whom Elizabeth had met in 1830, moved to Boston, and Elizabeth helped him to start a school, where he applied his radical Socratic teaching techniques. The school opened September 22, 1833. (Bronson Alcotts daughter, Louisa May Alcott, had been born in 1832.) At Alcotts experimental Temple School, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody taught for two hours each day, covering Latin, arithmetic and geography. She also kept a detailed journal of the class discussions, which she published in 1835. She also helped the schools success by recruiting students. Alcotts daughter who was born in June of 1835 was named Elizabeth Peabody Alcott in honor of Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, a sign of the esteem in which the Alcott family held her. But the next year, there was scandal around Alcotts teaching about the gospel. His reputation was enhanced by the publicity; as a woman, Elizabeth knew that her reputation was threatened by the same publicity. So she resigned from the school. Margaret Fuller took Elizabeth Palmer Peabodys place at Alcotts school. The next year, she began a publication, The Family School, written by her mother, herself, and three sisters. Only two issues were published. Meeting Margaret Fuller Elizabeth Palmer Peabody had met Margaret Fuller when Fuller was 18 and Peabody was 24, but Peabody had heard of Fuller, the child prodigy, earlier. In the 1830s, Peabody helped Margaret Fuller find writing opportunities. In 1836, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody talked Ralph Waldo Emerson into inviting Fuller to Concord. Elizabeth Palmer Peabodys Bookshop In 1839, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody moved to Boston, and opened a bookstore, the West Street bookshop and lending library at 13 West Street. She and her sister Mary, at the same time, ran a private school upstairs. Elizabeth, Mary, their parents, and their surviving brother Nathaniel lived upstairs. The bookshop became a meeting place for intellectuals, including the Transcendentalist circle and Harvard professors. The bookshop itself was stocked with many foreign books and periodicals, anti-slavery books, and more -- it was a valuable resource for its patrons. Elizabeths brother Nathaniel and their father sold homeopathic remedies, and the bookshop also sold art supplies. Brook Farm was discussed and supporters found at the bookshop. The Hedge Club held its last meeting at the bookshop (Elizabeth Palmer Peabody attended three meetings of the Hedge Club in four years). Margaret Fullers Conversations were held at the bookshop, the first series starting November 6, 1839. Elizabeth Palmer Peabody kept transcripts of Fullers Conversations. Publisher The literary periodical The Dial was also discussed at the bookshop. Elizabeth Palmer Peabody became its publisher and served as publisher for about a third of its life. She was also a contributor. Margaret Fuller did not want Peabody as the publisher until Emerson had vouched for her responsibility. Elizabeth Palmer Peabody published one of Fullers translations from the German, and Peabody submitted to Fuller, who was serving as Dial editor, an essay shed written in 1826 on patriarchy in the ancient world. Fuller rejected the essay - she liked neither the writing nor the topic. Peabody introduced the poet Jones Very to Ralph Waldo Emerson. Elizabeth Palmer Peabody also discovered the author Nathaniel Hawthorne, and got him the custom-house job that helped support his writing. She published several of his childrens books. There were rumors of a romance - and then her sister Sophia married Hawthorne in 1842. Elizabeths sister Mary married Horace Mann on May 1, 1843. They went on an extended honeymoon with another pair of newlyweds, Samuel Gridley Howe and Julia Ward Howe. In 1849, Elizabeth published her own journal, Aesthetic Papers, which failed almost immediately. But its literary impact lasted, for in it she had published for the first time Henry David Thoreaus essay on civil disobedience, Resistance to Civil Government. After the Bookshop Peabody closed the bookshop in 1850, shifting her attention back to education. She began promoting a system of studying history originated by Gen. Joseph Bern of Boston. She wrote on the topic at the request of the Boston Board of Education. Her brother, Nathaniel, illustrated her work with the charts that were part of the system. In 1853, Elizabeth nursed her mother through her final illness, as the only daughter at home and unmarried. After her mothers death, Elizabeth and her father moved briefly to Ruritan Bay Union in New Jersey, a utopian community. The Manns moved about this time to Yellow Springs. In 1855, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody attended a womens rights convention. She was a friend to many in the new womens rights movement, and occasionally lectured for womens rights. In the late 1850s, she began promoting public schools as a focus of her writing and lecturing. On August 2, 1859, Horace Mann died, and Mary, now a widow, moved first to The Wayside (the Hawthornes were in Europe), and then to Sudbury Street in Boston. Elizabeth lived there with her until 1866. In 1860, Elizabeth traveled to Virginia in the cause of one of the participants in John Browns Harpers Ferry Raid. While in general sympathy with the anti-slavery movement, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody was not a major abolitionist figure. Kindergarten and Family Also in 1860, Elizabeth learned of the German kindergarten movement and the writings of its founder, Friedrich Froebel, when Carl Schurz sent her a book by Froebel. This fit well with Elizabeths interests in education and young children. Mary and Elizabeth then founded the first public kindergarten in the United States, also called the first formally organized kindergarten in America, on Beacon Hill. In 1863, she and Mary Mann wrote Moral Culture in Infancy and Kindergarten Guide, explaining their understanding of this new educational approach. Elizabeth also wrote an obituary for Mary Moody Emerson, aunt and influence on Ralph Waldo Emerson. In 1864, Elizabeth received word from Franklin Pierce that Nathaniel Hawthorne had died during a trip to the White Mountains with Pierce. It fell to Elizabeth to deliver the news to her sister, Hawthornes wife, of Hawthornes death. In 1867 and 1868, Elizabeth traveled to Europe to study and better understand the Froebel method. Her 1870 reports on this trip were published by the  Bureau of Education. That same year, she set up the first free public kindergarten in America. In 1870, Elizabeths sister Sophia and her daughters moved to Germany, living in lodging recommended by Elizabeth from her visit there. In 1871, the Hawthorne women moved to London. Sophia Peabody Hawthorne died there in 1871. One of her daughters died in London in 1877; the other married, returned and moved into the old Hawthorne home, The Wayside. In 1872, Mary and Elizabeth founded the Kindergarten Association of Boston, and started another kindergarten, this one in Cambridge. From 1873 to 1877, Elizabeth edited a journal she founded with Mary, Kindergarten Messenger. In 1876, Elizabeth and Mary organized an exhibit on kindergartens for the Philadelphia Worlds Fair. In 1877, Elizabeth founded with Mary the American Froebel Union, and Elizabeth served as its first president. 1880s One of the members of the early Transcendentalist circle, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody outlived her friends in that community and those who had preceded and influenced it. It often fell to her to memorialize her old friends. In 1880, she published Reminiscences of William Ellery Channing, D.D. Her tribute to Emerson was published in 1885 by F. B. Sanborn. In 1886, she published Last Evening with Allston. In 1887, her sister Mary Peabody Mann died. In 1888, still involved in education, she published Lectures in Training Schools for Kindergartners. During the 1880s, not one to rest, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody took up the cause of the American Indian. Among her contributions to this movement was her sponsorthip of lecture tours by the Piute woman, Sarah Winnemucca. Death Elizabeth Palmer Peabody died in 1884 in her home in Jamaica Plain. She was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts. None of her Transcendentalist colleagues survived to write a memorial to her. On her tombstone was inscribed: Every humane cause had her sympathyAnd many her active aid. In 1896, a settlement house, Elizabeth Peabody House, was founded in Boston. In 2006, the remains of Sophia Peabody Mann and her daughter Una were moved from London to Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, near the grave of Nathaniel Hawthorne on Authors Ridge. Background, Family: Mother: Eliza Palmer PeabodyFather: Nathaniel PeabodyPeabody Children:Elizabeth Palmer Peabody: May 16, 1804 - January 3, 1894Mary Tyler Peabody Mann: November 16, 1807 - February 11, 1887Sophia Peabody Hawthorne: September 21, 1809 - February 26, 1871Nathaniel Cranch Peabody: born 1811George Peabody: born 1813Wellington Peabody: born 1815Catherine Peabody: (died in infancy) Education well-educated privately and in schools run by her mother Religion: Unitarian, Transcendentalist

Implications Of The Thesis How Flx Affect Neural...

In this study, one of the most common prescribed SSRIs, FLX will be utilized. SSRIs block the reuptake of 5-HT thereby increasing the extracellular concentration of 5-HT in the synaptic cleft available thereby altering normal synaptic and neural function. Due to the fact that monoamines and monoamine metabolism is essential and obligatory for normal neural development this proposal will focus on how FLX affect neural development using the following approaches. Clutches of embryos will be staged according to Townsend and Stewart [TS 1-15; 1 = newly laid egg, 15 = hatching] (67). FLX will be dissolved in culture water (40% DDW and 60% tap water) at different concentrations [(experimental embryo cultures- EEC) 0.10  µM, 0.20  µM, 100  µM,†¦show more content†¦Hensler (2002) demonstrated in rats that were chronically injected (ip) with FLX showed a decrease 5-HT1A expression in the raphe nuclei. Further, 5-HT2B receptors have been shown to be involved in brain development (Lin et al., 2004) particularly in migrating cranial neural crest cells in the mouse (Choi et al., 1997). Moiseiwitsh and Lauder (1995) also showed that 5-HT has a dose-dependent effect on cranial neural crest migration, suggesting that neural crest migration is disrupted at high concentrations. Silva et al. (2010) demonstrated that postnatal FLX treatment in rats decreased the number of serotonin and serotonergic terminals in the dorsal raphe nuclei; sugge sting neuroplasticity dysfunction causes impaired development of the serotonergic system. The c-Fos-immunoreactivity (c-Fos-IR), in response to cellular intra- or extracellular signals, is a useful tool and has been used by many scientists to detect specific brain regions that regulate neurotransmissions. Immunohistochemistry will also be undertaken using c-Fos primary antisera to determine c-Fos during hypothalamic development. Changes in c-Fos-IR have been demonstrated in animals and in vitro studies after a chronic or acute FLX treatment. For example, acute treatment of rats with antidepressants displayed increased c-Fos expression in 59 of 64 brain structures. Interestingly, FLX did not induce c-Fos expression in the raphe nuclei but significant upregulation of

Biopsychosocial Assessment of Bipolar Disorder- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBiopsychosocial Assessment of Bipolar Disorder. Answer: Bipolar is a mental health disorder that is characterised by episodes of depression and mania or hypomania (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2015). A survey by AMPS revealed that 2.0% of the population screened positive for bipolar disorder (McManus, Bebbington, Jenkins, Brugha, 2016). Bipolar disorders have long episodes and close to 60% of the patients relapse in the first two years, and about 75% in over five years following the initial diagnosis(Najafi-Vosough, Ghaleiha, Faradmal, Mahjub, 2016). Due to the above statistics, there is need for effective bipolar management. This has led to the need of evaluation of biopsychosocial factors that help to inform the appropriate management interventions. Genetic Factors Bipolar disorder has been strongly to genetic factors even though the specific genetic abnormalities that contribute to bipolar disorder are unknown(Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011). First-degree relatives of people with bipolar disorder are 5 to 10 times more prone to both bipolar disorder and depressive disorders than relatives of people without bipolar (Farmer, Elkin, McGuffin, 2007). This can be a factor on Susans case as there is family history of bipolar since the brother was diagnosed with bipolar. Brain Abnormalities Brain imaging techniques like have brought great advancement in the study of bipolar disorder. Through them, it has been identified that people with bipolar disorder have enlarged ventricle spaces. Enlarged ventricles are an indication of less brain tissue in the brain which suggests that there has been loss of cells in the brain or that brains of people with bipolar develop differently than normal brain(Nemade Dombeck, Brain Imaging and Bipolar Disorder, 2009). It has been observed that there is also a reduction in the glial cells in bipolar brains. This has led to inefficient communication within the brain. Abnormalities in the structure and functioning of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex have been implicated in bipolar. The amygdala processes emotions and the prefrontal cortex controls emotion, planning, and judgment (Konarski, et al., 2008). Neurotransmitter Factors Neurotransmitters are widely used in the brain for facilitating communication within the brain. The neurotransmitters implicated in bipolar illness include dopamine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine and neuropeptides. An imbalance in these chemicals is believed to cause bipolar. High reward seeking behaviours are thought to be associated with high levels of dopamine while low levels are associated with insensitivity to reward. During manic phase this dysregulation in the dopamine system leads to excessive reward seeking and a lack of reward seeking in the depressed phase(Berk, et al., 2007). Psychosocial Factors Life Events Life events are believed to play a major role in the development and course of bipolar disorder. This has led to studies to be geared to three types of life events namely negative, social rhythm disrupting, and goal-attainment(Miklowitz Johnson, 2009). Negative life events Studies have found that increased stressful events are experienced among bipolar individuals prior to the first onset and relapse. Negative life events are found to be associated with depressive symptoms rather than mania. Throughout Susans life, she has experienced great losses of the mother and brother that may have triggered her episodes. Life Events that Disrupt Social Rhythms Poor regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms influence symptoms(Miklowitz Johnson, 2009). Decrease in the time the person sleeps can contribute to hypomanic or manic symptoms, and increase in sleep or bed rest may be followed by depressive symptoms (Brill, Penagaluri, Roberts, Gao, El-Mallakh, 2011). In our case study it is clear that Susan faced sleep deprivation as there is reduced duration of sleep in the past week. According to Social Rhythm Stability Hypothesis (SRSH) the core problem in BMD is instability of regular daily activities. Research states that life events associated with disruption of social rhythms are better predictors of manic phases(Haynes, Gengler, Kelly, 2016). Goal-Attainment Life Events Bipolar Disorder is associated with elevated activity in areas of the brain associated with reward sensitivity. These areas include: the basal ganglia and ventral tegmental area. During mania episodes there is elevation in basal ganglia activity which leads to positive affect, approach motivation and behaviour which leads to an increase in the probability of incentive acquisition(Miklowitz Johnson, 2009). This is evident in Susans case as she would make calls to her friends at midnight and animatedly discuss trips and outings. Social Support Social support is an important feature as it affects the course of BMD. Support from family and friends has benefits on both treatment adherence and the functionality of the individual. Lack of social support serves as a risk factor for symptom recurrence and results in poor prognoses (Studart, Filho, Studart, Almeida, Miranda-Scippa, 2015). In our case study, Susan lacked social support as she lives alone. This led her to non-adhering to medication which may have caused her relapses. Drug and alcohol use It has been suggested that cormobidity between bipolar disorder and substance use disorder are marked by severe symptoms, frequent mood episodes, lower functioning and lower satisfaction(Ostacher, et al., 2010). This can be clearly seen in our case study as Susan has started smoking after abstaining for one year. This may have been the reason for the recent episode or a predisposing factor for it. Treatment and Medication Non-adherence Non-adherence in bipolar disorder is associated with several adverse consequences like poor outcomes, increased risk of relapse, rehospitalisation and suicide. Increased utilization of health-care services and increased mental health expenditures has also been observed(Chakrabarti, 2016). Susan in our case has a history of non-adhering to her medications which may explain the readmissions to the facility and the recent episode. Management of bipolar disorder Pharmacotherapy The two types of bipolar medication widely used are antidepressants and mood stabilizers. Antidepressants help alleviate depressive symptoms. The most commonly used classes of antidepressants are SSRIs like fluoxetine and sertaline and SNRIs like buproprion and venlafaxine. The other classes used include tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. For the management of mania, mood stabilizers like lithium and sodium valproate are used. Lithium has been proven to be not only effective at reducing the frequency but also the intensity of mood swings(Nemade Dombeck, 2009). Despite this advancement, lithium requires regular monitoring as the margin between the therapeutic dose and the toxic dose is narrow. Atypical antipsychotics are used in bipolar management as they are efficient mood stabilizers and produce less cognitive and extrapyramidal effects. The most commonly used antipsychotics include clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine(Nemade Dombeck, 2009).. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is used as an adjunctive bipolar treatment alongside medication treatment. Three varieties of psychotherapies have been found to be efficient in the management of bipolar. They include cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), Family-Focused Therapy (FFT) and interpersonal/ social rhythm therapy. CBT focuses on ones cognition and it aims at identifying maladaptive thoughts and changing them so as to have adaptive behaviour. FFT is a hybrid of psychoeducation and family therapy. It aims at educating the patient and family members on the nature of the illness and helping deal with family dynamics and relationships(Nemade Dombeck, 2009). Nursing diagnoses and interventions for mania Risk for injury This is related to high levels of hyperactivity which is exhibited during a manic episode. This is seen by increased agitation and lack of control potentially harzadous movements(Townsend, Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 2011). Interventions carried out include reducing environmental stimuli, removing harmful objects, provide structured schedule of activities and physical activities so as to keep them engaged and involved in other activities and administer tranquilizing medication like antipsychotics drugs that offer rapid relief of agitation and hyperactivity(Townsend, 2015). Risk for violence This is mainly seen during episodes characterized by manic excitement, delusional thinking and hallucinations. The nursing interventions employed to avoid harm of self and others include; maintenance of low levels of environmental stimuli, removing hazardous objects and maintaining a calm attitude towards the client(Townsend, Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 2011). Imbalanced nutrition This is caused by the clients refusal or inability to eat resulting to weight loss and amenorrhea. In such cases, the nurse in collaboration with the dietician provide high protein and calorie nutritious foods and drinks, record food and drink intake and output, calorie count and weight, and supplement diet with vitamins and minerals(Townsend, Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 2011). Poor nutrition may affect the course of bipolar and increase chances of relapse. Disturbed thought processes This feature is related to abnormalities to biochemical and electrolyte levels in the body, psychotic process and sleep deprivation. This is evidenced by incorrect interpretation of environmental stimuli, hypervigilance, distractibility and delusional thinking. In such cases, the nurse is meant to avoiding arguing or denying the beliefs but show acceptance of the Clients false belief. The nurse can also use consensual validation and seeking clarification techniques when communicating with the client so as to better understand him/ her(Townsend, 2015). Impaired social interaction This comes to be due to delusional thought processes and hallucinations that make it difficult to develop satisfying relationships. The nurse will actively engage with the patient so as to bring out any feelings of insecurity and need for manipulation of others and provide positive reinforcements for acceptable behaviours(Townsend, Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 2011). Insomnia This is brought about by high levels of hyperactivity, agitation and biochemical abnormalities. It is reflected by difficulty falling asleep, sleeping for short periods of time and awakening extremely early in the morning. The interventions applied here include; provision of a quiet environment with low stimulation, monitoring of sleep patterns, assessing the clients activity level and administration of sedative medication as ordered (Townsend, 2015). Ethical implications of Bipolar disorder Management of bipolar has been faced by a variety of ethical issues over time. One of the acts that face many challenges is the Compulsory Mental Health Care Act that identified values such as respect for autonomy, integrity, beneficence, justice and sanctity of life as important in mental health care. This has faced many challenges as in the management of bipolar, the autonomy of the client is lost. In the management of bipolar, it is possible to make decisions on behalf of the patient if he has serious impairment. This has led to many patients despite not being seriously impaired to not being consulted with regards to their treatment. Coercive care is a challenging ethical situation as it talks about involuntary admissions, forced medications and tube feeding just to name a few scenarios. This goes contrary to the ethic of autonomy as the patient is not consulted for the admission. This is seen in Susans case as she was admitted to the mental facility despite not being for it. This can however be argued that it was for the benefit of the patient as she will get help which goes in line with the ethic of beneficence that states that all treatment interventions carried out should be for the benefit of the patient. Another ethical implication in the management of bipolar is on coercive measures used. It is evident that in the management of bipolar and other mental conditions those forceful measures are needed as the patients health can deteriorate while he/she is refusing treatment. The main question that is asked is how can it be determined if one is being coerced to treatment for his/her own good and ones right of sanctity to life is being undermining? Conclusion Bipolar is a lifelong mental condition that needs appropriate and effective management interventions so as to reduce the rate of relapse and readmissions. In the process of management it is clear that biological, psychological and social factors affect the development and course of Bipolar. These factors have led to a multidisciplinary approach in the management of bipolar by the application of pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacological strategies. The nurse plays a big role in the management of some of the presentations of bipolar like risk of injury, risk of violence, insomnia just to name a few. This has made them to be a crucial part in the management team as they deal with medical, psychological and social aspects of the patient. References Berk, M., Dodd, S., Kauer-Sant'Anna, M., Malhi, G. S., Bourin, M., Kapczinski, F., Norman, T. (2007). Dopamine dysregulation syndrome: implications for a dopamine hypothesis of bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl, 116(s434), 41-49. Brill, S., Penagaluri, P., Roberts, R. J., Gao, Y., El-Mallakh, R. S. (2011). Sleep disturbances in euthymic bipolar patients. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, Vol. 23 No. 2 pg 113-116. Chakrabarti, S. (2016). Treatment-adherence in bipolar disorder: A patient-centered approach. World Journal of Psychiatry, 399-409. Farmer, A., Elkin, A., McGuffin, P. (2007). The genetics of bipolar affective disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 20(1), 8-12. Haynes, P. L., Gengler, D., Kelly, M. (2016). Social Rhythm Therapies for Mood Disorders: an Update. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 18(8), 1-8. Konarski, J. Z., Mclntyre, R. S., Kennedy, S. H., Rafi-Tari, S., Soczynska, J. K., Ketter, T. A. (2008, Jan). Volumetric neuroimaging investigations in mood disorders: bipolar disorder versus major depressive disorder. Bipolar Discord, 10(1). McManus, S., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R., Brugha, T. (2016). Mental health and wellbeing in England: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014. Leeds: NHSDigital. Miklowitz, D. J., Johnson, S. L. (2009). Social and Familial Factors in the Course of Bipolar Disorder:. Clin Psychol (New York), 16(2): 281296. Najafi-Vosough, R., Ghaleiha, A., Faradmal, J., Mahjub, H. (2016, July). Recurrence in Patients with Bipolar Disorder and Its Risk Factors. Iran J Psychiatry, 11(3), 173177. Retrieved August 8, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5139952/#B1 Nemade, R., Dombeck, M. (2009). Bipolar Disorder Treatment- Antipsychotics Medications And Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Retrieved from MentalHelp.net: https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/bipolar-disorder-treatment-antipsychotic-medications-and-omega-3-fatty-acids/ Nemade, R., Dombeck, M. (2009). Bipolar Disorder Treatment- Lithium. Retrieved from MentalHelp.net: https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/bipolar-disorder-treatment-lithium/ Nemade, R., Dombeck, M. (2009). Bipolar Treatment- Family Focused Treatment and Interpersonal/Social Rhythm Therapy. Retrieved from MentalHelp.net: https://mentalhelp.net/articles/bipolar-disorder-treatment-family-focused-therapy-and-interpersonal-social-rhythm-therapy/ Nemade, R., Dombeck, M. (2009). Brain Imaging and Bipolar Disorder. Retrieved August 19, 2017, from MentalHelp.net: https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/brain-imaging-and-bipolar-disorder/ Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Anormal Psychology (5th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Ostacher, M. J., Perlis, R. H., Nierenberg, A. A., Calabrese, J., Stange, J. P., Salloum, I., . . . Sachs, G. S. (2010). Impact of substance Use Disorders on Recovery From Episodes of Depression in Bipolar Disorder Patients: Prospective Data From the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 167(3), 289-297. Royal College of Psychiatrists. (2015). Bipolar Disorder. Retrieved from RCPsych: https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/problemsdisorders/bipolardisorder.aspx Studart, P. M., Filho, S. B., Studart, A. B., Almeida, A. G.-D., Miranda-Scippa, A. (2015). Social support and bipolar disorder. Arch. Clin. Psychiatry, 42, 95-99. Townsend, M. C. (2011). Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing (5th ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. Townsend, M. C. (2015). Psychiatric Nursing: Assessment, Care Plans and Medications (9th ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company

International business Essays - Economy, Capitalism,

International business Tarhab Motiwala Assignment 1 1. What are the facilitating developments that have allowed health care to start globalizing? ANS: The first major development that has allowed health care to start globalizing is technology. The second major development that has allowed health care to start globalizing is cost of medical care in the U.S. The third major development that has allowed health care to start globalizing is the non-insured and the under-insured. The fourth major development that has allowed health care to start globalizing is the ability to travel. The fifth major development that has allowed health care to start globalizing is the use of education. 2. Who benefits from the globalization of health care? Who are the losers? ANS: The main people that benefit from globalization are a doctor's patients or cliental. The patient or cliental will pay a sufficient amount less for medical care, but receives just as high quality care as they would in the United States. The insurance companies would benefit from globalization of health care because they too would be paying sufficient amount less. The countries would benefit from the globalization of health care because of the money the patients or cliental or tourists are bringing to their country. The losers in the globalization of health care are Unites States' doctors and hospitals because they are losing patients or cliental and money. 3. Are there any risks associated with the globalization of health care? Can these risks be mitigated? How? ANS: Yes, there are risks associated with the globalization of health care. A risk associated with the globalization of health care is the risk of the unknown. As a patient you have questions like the quality of care you will receive the expertise of your doctor and if there will be langue barriers. One way risks associated with the globalization of health care can be mitigated is through the use of the internet. The internet allows you to see things thousands of miles away. This will give the patient familiarity of the hospital and the staff and see commits and reviews of the hospital.